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Things Every Hacker Once Knew. Today, the TCPIP Internet is very nearly the only WAN. Wide Area Network left standing. It was not always so. From the. late 7. WANs of widely varying capability. You are. most likely to trip over references to these in email archives from. Every hacker over a certain age remembers either UUCP or the BBS. Many participated in both. In those days access to to the. ARPANET, which became Internet was difficult if you. So we made do. with what we had, which was modems and the telephone network. UUCP stands for Unix to Unix Copy Program. Between its escape from. Bell Labs in 1. 97. Internet explosion of the. Unix sites using modems and the phone network. UUCP was a store and forward system originally intended for. USENET launched 1. Stack Overflow and other modern web fora. It supported topic groups. UUCP, would eventually flood to the whole network. In part, UUCP and USENET were a hack around the two tier rate. UUCP traffic could be relayed across long distances by local. A direct descendant of USENET still exists, as Google Groups. Internet. Open. source as we now know it germinated in USENET groups dedicated to. Several conventions still in use today, like. README and NEWS and INSTALL. README. was older, having been seen in the wild back on the PDP 1. Two key dates in USENET history were universally known. One was the. Great Renaming in 1. USENET topic groups was reorganized. The. September that never. AOL commercial timesharing services gave its. USENET. The resulting vast flood of newbies proved. UUCP explains a quirk you may run across in old mailing list archives. UUCP links were point to point and you had to. UUCP network this. As Internet access became. During this transition period there were some. Internet routing. UUCP was notoriously difficult to configure, enough so that people. CVs in the justified. Meanwhile, in the microcomputer world, a different kind of. BBS Bulletin Board System. This was. software running on a computer after 1. MS DOS machine. Users typically, just one user at a time would access. BBS using a their own modem and a terminal program the BBS. The first BBS, patterned after the community notice board in a. Chicago in 1. 97. Over the next eighteen. BBSes flashed in and out of existence. From 1. 98. 4 the BBS culture evolved a primitive form of internetworking. Fido. Net that supported cross site email and a forum system. USENET. There were also a few ports of UUCP to DOS. Thus the UUCP. and BBS cultures remained separate until both were ploughed under. Internet. During a very brief period after 1. Internet, software with BBS like capabilities but supporting multiple. USENET access got written. Unix systems. The end stage BBSes, when they survived. Web and dropped modem access. The. of cellar. org chronicles this period. A handful of BBSes are still run by nostalgicists, and some artifacts. But, like. the UUCP network, the BBS culture as a whole collapsed when. Internet became widely available. Almost the only cultural memory of BBSes left is around a family of. Nik Sharpener Pro Manual. XMODEM, YMODEM, and ZMODEM developed. BBSes and primarily used on them. For hackers of that. TCPIP. these were a first introduction to concepts like packetization, error. To this day, hardware from at least one. Cisco accepts software patches by XMODEM. Also roughly contemporaneous with USENET and the BBS culture, and also. Internet, were some commercial. AOL America Online Compu. Serve, and GEnie others. The Source and Prodigy. These provided BBS like. Every hacker knew of these, though few used them. They. have left no traces at all in todays hacker culture. One last tier of pre Internets, operating from about 1. CSNET, BITNET. EARN, VIDYANET, and others. These generally supported email and. Internet users. though with different addressing schemes and some odd quirks such as. They have left some traces today. Notably. the term listserv for an electronic mailing list, still occasionally.